1Yahweh declares that when that time comes he will be the God of all the families of Israel, and they will be his people.
2Thus says Yahweh: The people who survived the sword have found grace in the desert. As Israel was seeking for his rest 3Yahweh appeared from afar saying, I have loved you with a love everlasting, so I have kept for you my mercy. 4I will restore you again, and you shall be rebuilt, O virgin Israel!
You will take up your tambourines and go out dancing joyfully. 5You will plant vineyards again on the hills of Samaria, and the farmers who plant them will enjoy their fruit.
6There shall be a day when watchmen will call out on the hills of Ephraim, “Come, let us go to Zion, to Yahweh our God!”
7For Yahweh says this: Shout with joy for Jacob;
rejoice for the greatest of nations.
Proclaim your praise and say:
“Yahweh has saved his people,
the remnant of Israel!”
8Look, I will bring them back from the land of the north, gather them from the ends of the earth, the lame and the blind, mothers and women in labor – a great throng will return.
9They went away weeping,
they will return in joy.
I will lead them by the streams of water, on a level path so that no one will stumble,
for I am Israel’s father
and Ephraim is my firstborn.
He who scattered Israel now gathers them!
10Hear the word of Yahweh, O nations,
proclaim it on distant coastlands:
He who scattered Israel will gather them
and guard them as a shepherd guard his flock.
11For Yahweh has ransomed Jacob
and redeemed him from the hand of his conqueror.
12They shall come shouting for joy, while ascending Zion;
they will come streaming to Yahweh’s blessings –
the grain, the new wine and the oil,
the young of the flocks and herds.
They will be like a well-watered garden;
no more will they be afflicted.
13Maidens will make merry and dance,
young men and old as well.
I will turn their mourning into gladness,
I will give them comfort and joy for sorrow.
14I will fill the priests with abundance,
and satisfy my people with my bounty
– this is Yahweh’s word.
15Thus speaks Yahweh:
“In Ramah, a voice
of mourning and great weeping is heard,
Rachel wailing for her children
and refusing to be consoled,
for her children are no more.”
16Yahweh says this to her:
“Weep no more and wipe the tears of your eyes;
your sorrow will have redress.
They will come back from the enemy’s land.
17There is hope for your descendants;
your children will return to their own borders.
18I heard Ephraim saying in grief:
‘You disciplined me like an untamed calf,
and I have been disciplined.
Bring me back, and I will return,
for you are my God, my Lord.
19Yes, I strayed, but I have repented.
Now I understand and I beat my breast;
I bear the disgrace of my youth,
and I blush with shame and humiliation.’
20Is not Ephraim my favored son,
the child in whom I delight?
Often have I threatened him,
but I still remember him,
and my heart yearns for him.
I must show him mercy,” declares Yahweh.
21Set up road signs,put up guideposts;
focus your attention to the highway,
the road by which you went. Return, O virgin Israel,return to these cities of yours.
22How long will you remain wandering,
O unfaithful daughter?
Yahweh is creating something new on earth –
the woman finds her husband again.”
Restoration of Judah
23These are words of Yahweh, God of hosts and God of Israel, “When I bring back the captives to the land of Judah and its towns, the people will once more use the expression: ‘Yahweh bless you, O dwelling of righteousness, holy mountain!’
24All Judah and its towns, the farmer and those who move about with their herds will live there in peace. 25I will refresh the weary and lift up the downhearted.”
26Then I awoke and looked around; my sleep had been peaceful. 27“The days are coming – this is the word of Yahweh – when I shall sow the people of Israel and the people of Judah with the seed of man and of beasts. 28It will happen that just as I watched over them to uproot and overthrow, to destroy and bring disaster, so shall I likewise build and plant – word of Yahweh.
29No longer will it be said: ‘The parents have eaten sour grapes and the children’s teeth are set on edge.’
30Instead everyone will die because of their own sin; whoever eats sour grapes will have his teeth set on edge!
The new covenant
31 ① The time is coming – it is Yahweh who speaks – when I will forge a new covenant with the people of Israel and the people of Judah. 32It will not be like the one I made with their ancestors when I took them by the hand and led them out of Egypt. For they broke my covenant although I was their Lord.
33This is the covenant I shall make with Israel after that time: I will put my Law within them and write it on their hearts; I will be their God and they will be my people.
34And they will not have to teach each other, neighbor or brother, saying: ‘Know the Lord,’ because they will all know me, from the greatest to the lowliest, for I will forgive their wrongdoing and no longer remember their sin.”
35This is the word of Yahweh,
he who gives the sun for light during the day and orders the moon and the stars to give light at night,
he who stirs the sea and makes the waves roar, and who is called Yahweh, God of hosts:
36“Only if these laws vanish from my sight, – says Yahweh – will the descendants of Israel cease to be a nation before me.
37Only when the skies above are measured and the foundations of the earth are found below, only then will I reject the descendants of Israel because of what they have done – word of Yahweh.
38Behold, the days are coming when the city will be rebuilt for Yahweh from the Tower of Hananel to the Corner Gate 39and the measuring tape will stretch from there to the hill of Gareb and then turn to Goah. 40The whole valley where dead bodies and ashes are thrown and all the fields as far as the brook of Kidron and the corner of the Horse Gate on the east will be holy to Yahweh. Never again will the city be uprooted, never again destroyed.”
- Jer 31,31 Here we must underscore 31:31-34 where Jeremiah delivers his most famous prophecy. During the bitter days which the Jewish people are experiencing, God reveals and Jeremiah announces the New and eternal Covenant between God and his people. I will make a new covenant. This is like saying that the Sinai Covenant which made Israel God's people, had become obsolete or insufficient. God had bound himself to a family (Abraham's) which became a people under Moses' leadership. And apparently his promises were more for the community than for individuals. The expression the prophet uses, a new covenant does not mean that God is forsaking his former promises to Israel. It clearly illustrates the characteristic of the covenant which God wants to establish between him and humanity through Israel. This novelty is that of love, because true love is always fresh and new. Although the people of God had broken the covenant, God who is always faithful, will respond by a gift, through his son, born of Mary. They broke my covenant. Actually, this covenant between Yahweh and Israel on Sinai had failed, through Israel's fault, not Yahweh's. But it is not a matter of renewing it as Joshua, Samuel, Hezekiah and Josiah had done so many times. Nor is it a matter of making another one like it, since this old covenant had already proven its weakness: people are sinful and unable to escape from their sins. Moreover, no laws, or human solidarity, or any form of education can bring God's grace to a nation or a collectivity and preserve them in the faith. Only a personal accepting of the divine Truth makes one a true believer. The true people of God cannot be confused with any people or human community: only those who are reborn will become part of God's people. I will put my Law in their hearts. Now, Jeremiah knows the secret of the New Covenant. For he is aware of the change which occurred in him when Yahweh made him a prophet. Then, he discovered an intimate relationship with God which is entirely different from a religion of mere practices. I will make another covenant with Israel. Jeremiah predicts the day when Yahweh will reveal himself to all believers as he had done with his great prophets. The law will be in their hearts and the hand of God will keep them on the right path, as was the case with Jeremiah when he doubted. I will forgive their sins. A New Covenant will be achieved through the death of Christ on the cross for the forgiveness of sins. In celebrating the Last Supper, Jesus says: This cup is the New Covenant in my blood (Lk 22:20). The author of the Letter to the Hebrews will develop the meaning of the New Covenant (see Heb 8:8 and 10:16). The Gospel of John will also clarify the meaning of they will all know me: in the Christian faith, not everyone receives personal revelations, but everyone is guided by the Father to Christ in whom are found all the treasures of knowledge and wisdom. Perhaps Jeremiah himself had not seen all the consequences of this revelation, but it certainly throws a decisive light on the history of the people of Israel. We understand that God's teaching, his way of leading and instructing his people through events was a pedagogy, leading to a definitive truth to be given through Christ and through the gift of the Spirit. It is understandable that Jesus and his apostles so often recalled the message of the prophets to justify the revolution of the Gospel and the birth of a Church rooted in the Jewish people but now independent of its national history.
